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Bloxsom air lock
The Bloxsom air lock was an incubator used in the treatment of respiratory distress among newly born infants in the 1950s. The device was developed by Dr. Allan Bloxsom, a pediatrician at St. Joseph Hospital in Houston, Texas. At its peak, the device was utilized in more than 700 hospitals. The Bloxsom air lock produced unfavorable results in a 1956 clinical trial. By that time physicians had also become leery of the link between high-concentration oxygen and eye disease in premature babies, and the device fell out of favor. The Bloxsom air lock is sometimes cited as an example of technology that gained wide acceptance following inadequate evaluation.
==Development and acceptance==
Allan Bloxsom was a pediatrician at St. Joseph Hospital and a faculty member at Baylor College of Medicine. In the early 1940s, he noted that babies born by cesarean section required resuscitation at birth more often than those born by vaginal delivery. Writing a 1942 article for ''The Journal of Pediatrics'', Bloxsom hypothesized that the uterus played an important role in the initiation of breathing at birth. He thought that contractions of the uterus stimulated the fetal respiratory center, possibly by "the alternate forcing and drawing of blood from the fetal circulation by compressing the placenta." He also noted that uterine compression of the fetus, followed by the release of that pressure, might promote breathing in the baby born by vaginal delivery.〔
Bloxsom developed the air lock device based on his assumptions about the role of uterine contractions in establishing effective breathing at birth. The air lock was a sealed steel cylinder that delivered warmed and humidified 60% oxygen to newly born babies. The device has been compared to an iron lung, but it did not utilize negative pressure.〔 The pressure inside the chamber alternated between 0.07 and 0.2 atmospheres above sea level. Rather than alternating the pressures at the rate of normal respirations as other devices did, the Bloxsom air lock cycled the pressure once per minute to mimic the rate of uterine contractions in late labor. Babies in distress were placed in the chamber immediately after delivery.〔
The device was rolled out in 1950. That year, Bloxsom presented a talk on the device at an American Medical Association conference. That led to the air lock being featured in ''Newsweek'', which referred to the device as the "Plexiglass Mother". A Houston company developed a Plexiglass model. In 1952, U.S. Army physicians shared their experience with the device, writing that the air lock was a valuable resuscitation device and that on occasion it appeared to be lifesaving. Though the apparatus was large and loud, one pediatrician pointed out that the infant was protected from "meddlesome and unintelligent treatment" while locked inside the chamber.〔 The air lock, which sold for about $1,000 per unit, was used in more than 700 hospitals by the fall of 1952.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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